DTC Anatomy
Types of DTC's
There are two categories of DTC's that apply to OBDII. They are listed below with Type A being the more severe.| Type A | |
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| Type B | |
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Saturday, October 22, 2011
Understanding OBD II on My Vehicle
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Thursday, October 20, 2011
Reset ECU Grand Livina secara Manual
Please read all instructions and be familiar with them before any attempts.
A stop watch or an analog clock with a second’s needle will be useful.
1. ECU Resetting Procedures
Timing is extremely critical. If it is NOT DONE within the specify time, the ECU will not reset and the Check Engine Light (CEL) will continue to remain ON. A stop watch or an analog clock with a second’s needle will be useful.
Operations Procedures
1. Confirm that accelerator pedal is fully released, turn ignition switch “ON” and wait 3 seconds.
2. Repeat the following steps (2a and 2b) procedures quickly five times within 5 seconds.
2a. Fully depress the accelerator pedal (HARD).
2b. Fully release the accelerator pedal.
3. Wait 7 seconds, fully depress the accelerator pedal and keep it for approx. 10 seconds until the CEL starts blinking.
4. Fully release the accelerator pedal (while the CEL is still blinking)
5. Wait about 10 second.
6. Fully depress the accelerator pedal and keep it for more than 10 seconds.
7. Fully release the accelerator pedal (The CEL light will continue to blink).
8. Turn ignition switch to “OFF” position and now you can start the car. The CEL light should be gone.
If the CEL light continues to remain ON, repeat the above steps. Timing is EXTREMELY critical to resetting the ECU.
Edit: Added the "Easy Method" for ECU Reset
The Easy Method:
After experimenting with different timing, and reading posts by other members, I've come up with a condensed method of doing this reset. This method works EVERY time, even w/o a stopwatch. I've used this method successfully a dozen times, or so, now w/o a watch. After a few times, you won't need a watch or instructions. You'll get so darn good at it, you'll find yourself doing it while waiting at a traffic light.
Timing is not as critical with this method...no stop watch needed. Just count in your head...one-one thousand, two-one thousand, etc, or use stop watch. The most critical step is step #3....wait 10 sec, instead of 7.
1. Ignition "ON", count to 3.
2. Depress/Release pedal 5 times...hard and fast.
3. Count to 10 (not 7!) and fully depress pedal
4. Count to 12 (SES should be blinking), release pedal
5. Count to 10, depress pedal
6. Count to 10, release pedal.
7. Turn off ignition, then start engine. Done!
2. Accelerator Pedal Release Position Learning
Operation Procedure
1. Make sure that the accelerator pedal is fully released.
2. Turn ignition switch “ON” and wait at least 2 seconds.
3. Turn ignition switch “OFF” wait at least 10 seconds.
4. Turn ignition switch “ON” and wait at least 2 seconds.
5. Turn ignition switch “OFF” wait at least 10 seconds.
3. Throttle Valve Closed Position Learning
Operation Procedures
1. Make sure that accelerator pedal is fully released.
2. Turn ignition switch is “ON”.
3. Turn ignition switch is “OFF” wait at least 10 seconds.
Make sure that the throttle valve moves during above 10 seconds by confirming the operating sound.
4. Idle Air Volume Learning (Throttle Position Learning)
Preparation
Before performing Idle Air Volume Learning, make sure that all of the following conditions are satisfied. Learning will be cancelled if any of the following conditions are missed for even a moment.
- Battery voltage: More than 12.9V (At idle)
- Engine coolant temperature: 70 - 100 C (158 - 212 F)
- Park/neutral position (PNP) switch: ON (Shifter in Park or Neutral)
- Electric load switch: OFF (Air conditioner, headlamp, rear window defogger)
- Steering wheel: Neutral (Straight-ahead position)
- Vehicle speed: Stopped
- Transmission: Warmed-up (Drive vehicle for 10 minutes.)
It is better to count the time accurately with a clock.
Operation Procedures
1. Perform “Accelerator Pedal Released Position Learning”.
2. Perform “Throttle Valve Closed Position Learning”.
3. Start engine and warm it up to normal operating temperature.
4. Turn ignition switch “OFF” and wait at least 10 seconds.
5. Confirm that accelerator pedal is fully released, turn ignition switch “ON” and wait 3 seconds.
6. Repeat the following (steps 7a, 7b) procedures quickly five times within 5 seconds.
7a. Fully depress the accelerator pedal (HARD)
7b. Fully release the accelerator pedal.
8. Wait 7 seconds, fully depress the accelerator pedal and keep it for approx. 20 seconds until the Check Engine Light (CEL) stops blinking and turned ON.
9. Fully release the accelerator pedal within 3 seconds after the CEL is ON.
10. Start engine and let it idle.
11. Wait 20 seconds.
12. Rev up the engine two or three times and make sure the idle speed and ignition timing are within the specifications.
Idle speed = 650 ± 50 rpm (in P or N position)
(www.nissanhelp.com)
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Monday, August 1, 2011
100 Years lyrics - Five for Fighting
Songwriters: Ondrasik, John;
I'm 15 for a moment
Caught in between 10 and 20
And I'm just dreaming
Counting the ways to where you are
I'm 22 for a moment
And she feels better than ever
And we're on fire
Making our way back from Mars
15 there's still time for you
Time to buy and time to lose
15, there's never a wish better than this
When you only got 100 years to live
I'm 33 for a moment
Still the man, but you see I'm a ?they'
A kid on the way, babe
A family on my mind
I'm 45 for a moment
The sea is high
And I'm heading into a crisis
Chasing the years of my life
15 there's still time for you
Time to buy and time to lose yourself
[ From: http://www.elyrics.net/read/f/five-for-fighting-lyrics/100-years-lyrics.html ]
Within a morning star
15 I'm all right with you
15, there's never a wish better than this
When you only got 100 years to live
Half time goes by
Suddenly you're wise
Another blink of an eye
67 is gone
The sun is getting high
We're moving on
I'm 99 for a moment
Dying for just another moment
And I'm just dreaming
Counting the ways to where you are
15 there's still time for you
22 I feel her too
33 you're on your way
Every day's a new day
15 there's still time for you
Time to buy and time to choose
Hey 15, there's never a wish better than this
When you only got 100 years to live
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I'm 15 for a moment
Caught in between 10 and 20
And I'm just dreaming
Counting the ways to where you are
I'm 22 for a moment
And she feels better than ever
And we're on fire
Making our way back from Mars
15 there's still time for you
Time to buy and time to lose
15, there's never a wish better than this
When you only got 100 years to live
I'm 33 for a moment
Still the man, but you see I'm a ?they'
A kid on the way, babe
A family on my mind
I'm 45 for a moment
The sea is high
And I'm heading into a crisis
Chasing the years of my life
15 there's still time for you
Time to buy and time to lose yourself
[ From: http://www.elyrics.net/read/f/five-for-fighting-lyrics/100-years-lyrics.html ]
Within a morning star
15 I'm all right with you
15, there's never a wish better than this
When you only got 100 years to live
Half time goes by
Suddenly you're wise
Another blink of an eye
67 is gone
The sun is getting high
We're moving on
I'm 99 for a moment
Dying for just another moment
And I'm just dreaming
Counting the ways to where you are
15 there's still time for you
22 I feel her too
33 you're on your way
Every day's a new day
15 there's still time for you
Time to buy and time to choose
Hey 15, there's never a wish better than this
When you only got 100 years to live
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Thursday, June 16, 2011
Analisa Porter's Five Forces
(Vibizmanagement – Strategic) – SWOT Analysis adalah suatu analisa yang dilakukan sebelum bisnis merancang sebuah strategic plan. Salah satu tools yang digunakan untuk membuat SWOT Analysis diantaranya adalah Porter Five Forces analysis, yang memberikan gambaran mengenai bagaimana posisi bisnis kita di dalam suatu industri.
Analisa Porter’s Five Forces memberikan gambaran yang powerful mengenai bagaimana tingkat persaingan dari suatu industri, baik itu dari sisi supply chain (supplier dan pelanggan) serta pasar (pemain baru dan substitusi). Keempat dari forces (dorongan) ini memberikan kontribusi terhadap competitive rivalry atau tingkat persaingan dalam industri.
The threat of a substitute product
Bagaimana substitusi terhadap barang/jasa Anda? Apakah konsumen dapat memperoleh barang substitusinya dengan mudah? Semakin banyak dan dekat barang substitusi, maka pelanggan juga bisa beralih dengan mudah. Force ini dipengaruhi oleh beberapa faktor diantaranya switching cost, kecenderungan untuk substitusi, diferensiasi produk, dan lainnya.
Analisa Porter’s Five Forces memberikan gambaran yang powerful mengenai bagaimana tingkat persaingan dari suatu industri, baik itu dari sisi supply chain (supplier dan pelanggan) serta pasar (pemain baru dan substitusi). Keempat dari forces (dorongan) ini memberikan kontribusi terhadap competitive rivalry atau tingkat persaingan dalam industri.
The threat of a substitute product
Bagaimana substitusi terhadap barang/jasa Anda? Apakah konsumen dapat memperoleh barang substitusinya dengan mudah? Semakin banyak dan dekat barang substitusi, maka pelanggan juga bisa beralih dengan mudah. Force ini dipengaruhi oleh beberapa faktor diantaranya switching cost, kecenderungan untuk substitusi, diferensiasi produk, dan lainnya.
Posted in: ManagementSaturday, June 11, 2011
Produktivitas dan Efisiensi Perbankan dalam Perspektif Manajemen Risiko
I. PENDAHULUAN
Secara umum bank dapat didefinisikan sebagai sebuah badan usaha yang dalam aktivitas usahanya mengumpulkan dana dari masyarakat terutama dalam bentuk simpanan giro, tabungan, dan deposito, serta menyalurkan kembali dana masyarakat tersebut ke dalam aktivitas ekonomi terutama dalam bentuk pemberian kredit. Kegiatan bank ini disebut sebagai fungsi intermediasi bank.
Dengan menelaah kepada fungsi bank tersebut diatas, dapat kita ketahui bahwa perbankan memiliki fungsi yang cukup sentral di dalam sistem perekonomian suatu negara. Apabila perbankan memiliki kinerja yang optimal dalam menjalankan fungsi intermediasi maka tentunya akan mendorong kepada pertumbuhan ekonomi yang optimal pula, sebaliknya, maka pertumbuhan ekonomi tidak akan optimal. Hal ini antara lain disebabkan oleh ekses dana berbentuk Dana Pihak Ketiga (DPK) dari kelompok masyarakat yang surplus tidak tersalurkan kepada kelompok masyarakat yang membutuhkan dana dalam bentuk kredit, melainkan hanya menjadi ekses dana dalam bentuk uang mengendap (idle money) yang disimpan di dalam sektor perbankan itu sendiri tanpa terpakai oleh sistem perkonomian khususnys sektor riil yang ada.
Guna memastikan bahwa perbankan memiliki kinerja yang optimal sebagai fungsi intermediasi, maka diperlukan upaya pengukuran terhadap aktivitas intermediasi ini. Produktivitas dan efisiensi merupakan salah satu parameter kinerja yang secara teoritis merupakan salah satu kinerja yang mendasari seluruh kinerja sebuah organisasi.
Tuesday, June 7, 2011
Kolektibilitas Kredit Perbankan dan Kaitannya Dengan Asuransi Kredit
Dalam Asuransi Kredit, salah satu ruang lingkup jaminan adalah Menjamin kerugian Kreditur atas macetnya suatu Kredit. Penyebab macetnya pun biasanya ditentukan. Apakah semata-mata macet karena pihak debitur kehilangan pekerjaan (Di PHK), atau dapat juga menjamin penyebab lainnya yang dapat diperjanjikan antara pihak asuransi dan pihak Kreditur sebagai tertanggungnya.
Salah satu indikator dalam menganalisa klaim kredit Macet adalah bagaimana caranya membuktikan bahwa kredit tersebut benar-benar masuk dalam kategori Macet. kalau tidak ada standardnya, maka masing-masing pihak akan memiliki persepsi masing-masing atas istilah Macet tersebut.
Dalam Dunia perbankan hal tersebut sebenarnya sudah diatur oleh Bank Indonesia yang dibahasakan dengan istilah "Kolektibilitas Kredit'.
Kolektibilitas adalah Suatu pembayaran Pokok atau Bunga Pinjaman oleh nasabah sebagaimana terlihat tata usaha bank berdasarkan Surat Keputusan Direksi Bank Indonesia No.32/268/KEP/DIR tanggal 27 Februari 1998, maka beberapa kategori kolektibilitas kredit dapat dibedakan menjadi :
1. Kategori Kredit Lancar ( Pass ) apabila memenuhi kriteria sebagai berikut:
- Pembayaran angsuran pokok dan bunga tepat waktu.
- Memiliki Mutasi rekening yang aktif.
- Bagian dari kredit dijamin dengan uang tunai.
2. Kategori Kredit Kurang Lancar ( Substandard ) apabila memenuhi kriteria sebagai berikut:
- Terdapat tunggakan angsuran Pokok dan Bunga yang telah melampaui 90 hari.
- Frekuensi mutasi rendah.
- Terjadi pelanggaran terhadap kontrak yang telah di janjkan lebih dari 90 hari
- Terjadi Mutasi masalah keuangan yang dihadapi debitur.
- Dokumentasi pinjaman lemah.
3. Kategori Kredit Diragukan (Doubfull) apabila memenuhi kriteria sebagai berikut:
- Terdapat tunggakan angsuran pokok atau bunga yang telah melampaui 180 hari.
- Terjadinya wanprestasi lebih dari 180 hari.
- Terjadi cerukan yang bersifat permanen.
- Terjadi Kapitalisasi bunga
- Dokumentasi hukum yang lemah baik untuk perjanjian maupun Pengikat pinjaman.
- Terdapat tunggakan angsuran pokok yang telah mencapai 270 hari.
- Kerugian operasional di tuntut dengan pinjaman baru
- Dari segi hukum maupun kondisi pasar. Jaminan tidak dapat di cairkan pada nilai wajar
source: http://duniaasuransi.blogspot.com/
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Friday, June 3, 2011
Shape Of My Heart Chords
by Sting
F#m C#m Bm C#7 D A e|---5-----4------2-----4-----5-----5--| B|---7-----5------3-----6-----7-----5--| D|---6-----6------4-----4-----7-----6--| G|---4-----6------4-----6-----7-----7--| A|---x-----4------2-----4-----5-----7--| E|---x-----x------x-----x-----x-----5--| Verse 1 F#m C#m Bm C#7 He deals the cards as a meditation F#m C#m Bm C#7 And those he plays never suspect D D A C#7 He doesn't play for the money he wins D C#7 F#m He doesn't play for respect Repeat for verse and chorus Chorus 2 I know that the spades are swords of a soldier I know that the clubs are weapons of war I know that diamonds mean money for this art But that's not the shape of my heart D C#7 That's not the shape C#7 F#m The shape of my heart
source: http://tabs.ultimate-guitar.com/
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Tuesday, May 31, 2011
Time After Time Tabs
As popularized by: Cyndi Lauper
*Intro F- G- Em- F... *1st Stanza F/C... C... <----"just listen to the song" Lying in my bed I hear the clock tick and think of you Caught up in circles confusion there's nothing new *Refrain1 G.. Em.. F.. G.. Em.. Flashback warm nights almost left behind F.. G.. Em.. F.. G.. Suitcase of memories time after *2nd Stanza F... C... Sometimes you picture me I'm walking too far ahead You'r calling to me I can't hear what you said *Refrain2 G.. Em.. F.. G.. Em.. And you say go slow I fall behind F.. G.. Em.. F.. The second hand unwinds *Chorus G.. Am.. F.. G.. C.. If you're lost you can look and you will find me time after time G.. Am.. F.. G.. C.. If you fall I will catch you I'll be waiting time after time F.. G.. Em.. F.. *3rd Stanza After my picture fades and darkness has turned to grey Watching through windows and wondering if I'm okay *Refrain3 Secrets stolen ohh from deep inside The drum beats out of time *Repeat Chorus then... G.. Am.. F.. G.. C.. *Repeat Refrain2 *Repeat Chorus twice then.. *Outro <----til' fade F.. G.. C... Time after time...
source: http://tabs.ultimate-guitar.com
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Monday, May 23, 2011
Creed - My Sacrifice Chords
|-o-| |-x-| |-x-| |-3-| |-x-| |-x-| |-2-| |-4-| |-7-| |-0-| |-4-| |-5-| |-x-| |-2-| |-5-| |-x-| |-x-| |-5-| Verse1:Distortion D Hello my friend we meet again, Its been awhile where B G should we begin? Feels like forever D Well in my heart a memory, A perfect love that you B G gave to me! Oh I remember Chorus: G D Asus4 B G When you are with me i'm free, I'm careless, I believe D Asus4 B Above all the others with life, This brings tears G to my eyes, my sacrifice Verse2: D We've seen our shares of ups and downs oh, How B G quickly life can turn around, In an instant D It feels so good to reunite, within yourself and B G within your mind, Lets find peace there Chorus: Bridge: D I just want to say hello again(x2) ----Then it does this thing---- -----6------ -----3------ -----x------ -----x------ -----x------ -----x------
Source : http://www.ultimate-guitar.com
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Friday, May 20, 2011
I Love The Way You Love Me Chords
by Eric Martin
Intro: C - F C I like the feel of your name on my lips Am And I like the sound of your sweet gentle kiss F The way that your fingers run through my hair C E F G And how your scent lingers even when your not there C And I like the way your eyes dance when you laugh Am And how you enjoy your two-hour bath F The way you convinced me to dance in the rain C E F G With everyone watching, like we were insane. F G C But I love the way you love me F G Strong and wild slow and easy C F Heart and soul so completely Dm G C F - C - F I love the way you love me C I like the way that you sing sweet and low Am When they're playing our song on the radio F And I like the innocent way that you cry C E F G At old time movies, you've seen hundreds of times F G C But I love the way you love me F G Strong and wild slow and easy C F Heart and soul so completely Dm G C I love the way you love me Bridge: F G C And I could list a million things I love to like about you F G But they all come down to one reason F G I could never live, live without you Baby F G C But I love the way you love me F G Strong and wild slow and easy C F Heart and soul so completely Dm G C I love the way you love me F G C - F - C Oh, baby, I love the way you love me
Sumber: www.ultimate-guitar.com
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Your Body Is A Wonderland Chords
by John Mayer
Intro: F . Csus4 . Bb . Csus4. Verse 1: (chords of intro) F . Csus4 . Bb . Csus4 . F . Csus4 . Bb . Csus4 . We've got the afternoon, You've got this room for two F . Csus4 . Bb . Csus4 . F . Csus4 . Bb . Csus4 . One thing I've left to do, Discover me discovering you F . Csus4 . Bb . Csus4 . F . Csus4 . Bb . Csus4 . One mile to every inch of, your skin like porcelain F . Csus4 . Bb . Csus4 . F . Csus4 . Bb . Csus4 . One pair of candy lips and your bubblegum tongue Bridge: Gm . . . Csus4 . . . And if you want love we'll make it Gm . . . Csus4 . . . We'll swim in a deep sea of blankets Gm . . . Csus4 . . . Take all your big plans and break 'em Gm . F/A . Bb2 . . . This is bound to be a while Chorus: F . Csus4 . Bb . Csus4 . Your body is a wonderland F . Csus4 . Bb . Csus4 . Your body is a wonder I'll use my hands F . Csus4 . Bb . Csus4 . Your body is a wonderland (Repeat) Verse 2: [F - Csus4 - Bb - Csus4] Something 'bout the way the hair falls in your face I love the shape you take when crawling towards the pillow case You tell me where to go though I might leave to find it I'll never let your head hit the bed without my hand behind it (to bridge) Bridge 2: Dm7add9 Damn, baby You frustrate me Dm7add9 I know you're mine all mine all mine Dm7add9 But you look so good it hurts sometimes Break: Dm7add9 . . . Dm7add9 . . . Dm7add9 . . . Dm7add9 . . .
Source: www.ultimate-guitar.com
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Tuesday, May 17, 2011
Type of Gold Investment Choice
So far, gold was chosen as one antidote to inflation, because its value is relatively stable from year to year. Facts prove, if there is high inflation, gold prices will rise higher than inflation. Statistics show that, when inflation reached 10 percent, then gold will rise 30 percent. In fact, when inflation rose to 100 percent too, the gold price will rise by 200 percent. This is why investing in gold is considered very profitable.
However, gold prices will indeed tend to be constant when the inflation rate low. But gold is now available in a variety of investment options. Not only in physical form, but also by buying shares of gold mining companies as well as buying gold contracts on futures exchanges. Well, here's the advantages and disadvantages of each type of gold investment.
1. Gold Jewelry
However, gold prices will indeed tend to be constant when the inflation rate low. But gold is now available in a variety of investment options. Not only in physical form, but also by buying shares of gold mining companies as well as buying gold contracts on futures exchanges. Well, here's the advantages and disadvantages of each type of gold investment.
1. Gold Jewelry
If your investment goals for the short term, usually it will be difficult to benefit from gold jewelry. The reason is, when you buy gold jewelry, you not only pay the price of gold alone, but also must pay the cost of manufacture. Usually, when you sell gold back to the store, they are reluctant to pay the cost of manufacture. So they will only pay the price of gold alone. Therefore, investment in gold in the form of jewelry will be more profitable if the long-term goal, over 10 years. Because the price of gold has increased many fold, so that the selling price is much higher. Also, choose 24-karat gold jewelry, because of the possibility of much greater advantage.
2. Gold Bars
Gold investment is fairly good and safe is an investment in the form of gold bullion (precious metal gold.) Gold bullion will be easier to resell than gold jewelry. The reason is, when buying gold bars, you do not have to pay the cost of manufacture. That means, you will not suffer losses when selling gold bullion. If you want to invest in gold, this one option to consider.
3. Gold Coins
Gold coins is usually called by gold coin ONH (Fees Naik Haji), because this gold coin is expected to become an alternative investment for those who want to have savings to prepare for the pilgrimage costs. These investments are in fact similar to other gold investments, because it has the gold price following the price of foreign currency (U.S. dollar), and secure against inflation. ONH gold coins can be bought and sold on the branches throughout Indonesia PT Pawnshop, gold shops, and the unit of processing and refining of precious metals miner PT Aneka Tambang Tbk. For its size, usually available from the weight of 1 gram, 5 gram and 10 gram. The price of a gram of approximately USD 394,000.
4. Gold Certificate
Gold investment is not always in physical form, can also take the form of gold certificates. This is a piece of paper that proves ownership of the gold stored at the bank in a country. The owner of this certificate is only holding a single sheet of paper which will only be cashed at the bank concerned. That said, this gold certificate is a very profitable investment alternative and safe. Since you do not need to pay gold storage. Unlike gold investment in physical form which requires the cost of storage in safe deposit box.
5. Gold Mining Stocks
Alternatively, buy shares of gold mining companies. If the state of the gold market is being increased, the price of company stock will usually move faster than the price of physical gold. Although profitable, however, should still be careful, because the investment risks remain. It is better you learn the first equity investment, so no trouble following the development of gold mining stocks to you. Gold mining company whose shares are sold in the stock market today, namely PT Aneka Tambang, Tbk.
6. Gold Futures Contracts
With the help of technology, the gold can be traded as a commodity on the trade in futures (futures trading / margin trading). That is, you only need to have proof of ownership administration. Investing in gold on the Jakarta Futures Exchange was impressed flexible, because you could sell gold when the price is expensive and buy when prices are cheap. The advantage gained from the difference between the buying and selling price. To play in the futures market, you simply pay USD 4 million per lot (contract size lots. One lot equals 1,000 grams of gold), by opening an account at one broker. Furthermore, the value per contract (lot) will fluctuate in line with the rise and fall of gold prices in the stock.
Monday, May 16, 2011
The Overview of Bank Treasury
In broad outline can be taken the essence of training materials regarding the bank's treasury are as follows:
1. Asset and Liability Management
Asset & Liability Management (ALMA) is a process of planning, coordination and supervision of asset and liability in order to eliminate the risk, including liquidity risk, interest rate risk, foreign exchange and operational risks in supporting the achievement of bank profits. The scope of the role played by the ALMA is liquidity management, management of interest rates, foreign exchange management, and management of revenue and investment. All this ALMA role mampunyai strategic objectives, namely to maximize bank profits from fund management to the risk tolerance limits that are in the bank.
Risk that the background is the increasing need for ALMA fluctuations in interest rates, fluktiasi currency exchange rates, and monetary sectors, among others, globalization can be seen from the flows of foreign funds coming into a country (emerging market).
In general, ALMA aims to manage interest rate risk on bank balance sheets and ensure that the interest rate risk inherent in the bank's business activities do not interfere with and decrease the stability of bank earnings.
Liquidity Management
Liquidity management aims to ensure the ability of banks to meet short term obligations in rupiah and foreign currency.
manage liquidity management, in general, banks are exposed to in a problem, namely liquidity versus profitability. Where these two things are in a position contrary to rear. If banks are too much liquidity reserve fund in the bank's profitability will not be optimal, and vice versa.
Third party funds allocated to the liquidity reserve, would be a burden for banks, because of the fund, the bank must still pay interest to the owners of the funds (depositors). Likewise what if the banks are too aggressive to place third-party funds into productive assets and less attention to elements of liquidity, the bank must be prepared to suffer the consequences of risk due to the inability of banks to pay its short term obligations.
Bank liquidity can be a big impact risk for banks (major risk consequence) and even a liquidity crisis can lead to a rush on banks, if not handled properly. Liquidity management is a process to support the bank in order to optimize the use of funds (reducing idle fund) to meet regulatory reserve requirement Bank Indonesia, memeluhara daily liquidity to service withdrawals by depositors, and to maintain liquidity for the existing instruments in accordance with the needs of cash flow owned banks.
Interest Rate Management
Management of interest rates is intended to manage interest rate changes associated with the mismatch in the repricing structure of assets and liabilities held by banks, and ultimately the management of interest rates has the goal to optimize revenue for the bank while maintaining the level of risk at an acceptable level by management. Management interest rates may be one basis for pricing (pricing) of products both savings and loans banks.
One analysis that can be done to assess the condition of bank balance sheets as a basis for strategic decision making is by knowing the RSA (Rate Sensitive Asset) and RSL (Rate Sensitive Liability) on its balance sheet. The gap between these two aspects can be used by banks in mengahdapi projected increase or decrease in market interest rates.
RSA is the amount of assets that are sensitive to changes in market interest rates. While the RSL is the amount of liability that are sensitive to changes in market interest rates.
Position
Gap
Market Rate
Income
RSA> RSL
Positive
Up
Up
Down
Down
RSA
Negative
Up
Down
Down
Up
RSA = RSL
Zero
Up
Stagnant
Down
Stagnant
Foreign Exchange Management
The purpose of foreign exchange management is the process of foreign exchange management in both the asset and liability side unruk obtain optimal results and minimize the risk of losses on foreign exchange positions held it.
Risks associated with forex management is the loss due to changes in exchange rates, losses due to changes in interest rates, and losses due to credit risk.
The relationship between changes in currency exchange net open positions with the bank are:
Condition
Forex Long
Forex Short
The rupiah weakened against foreign currency
Fortunately
Loss
The rupiah strengthened against foreign currencies
Loss
Fortunately
While the relationship between changes in interest rates with banks net open positions are:
Condition
Forex Long
Forex Short
Interest rates fell rupiah currency or interest rate rise
Fortunately
Loss
Rupiah interest rate rise or fall of foreign exchange rate
Loss
Fortunately
Earning and Investment Management
ALMA role in earnings and investment management is very closely related to liquidity management as described in the previous section. So that is a function both have links to one another. The aim of earning & investment management is to maintain the liquidity needs, improve the NII and NIM, keeping the interest rate risk exposures, and determine the type of investment portfolio by considering the risks and revenues (optimization of portfolio assets).
2. Money Market Transactions
Money market is a place (abstract) in which the owner bana (lenders) and borrowers of funds (borrower) is related through the means of communication either directly or through an intermediary (broker) to perform transaction lending and borrowing of funds. Due to these transactions the borrower benefits or compensation funds received from the borrower of funds in the form of interest.
Transactions can be either money market lending and borrowing of funds directly or through short-term debt instruments of less than 1 (one) year.
Participants in this money market in general can be grouped into 4 (four) components, namely the central bank, commercial banks, non bank financial institutions, and companies or individual fund voters in large numbers. However, what is recorded in the transaction banking hanyalan money market central banks and commercial banks only.
In money markets, central banks have an interest in regulating the monetary conditions, while for commercial banks, money market used to meet the liquidity and profitability.
The role of brokers in the money market transactions are very useful, especially in influencing both the bid and offer prices so that prices of existing money market can be more controllable because the broker will be a market maker with the bid and offer to collect data from banks that need access to money markets.
Unlike the money market without a broker, the price will be determined by each bank. This is risky because it will hurt banks that are in need of money because it will get a relatively high price if known by other banks that have funds.
Risks contained in the money market include liquidity risk, interest rate risk, settlement risk, credit risk and sovereign risk. As a simple example but it often happens is, the bank is expected not to give or very cautious in giving loans to banks that are too easy to accept a high rate, or has a loan portfolio that exceeds reasonable limits.
To mitigate credit risk on money market transactions, the bank may apply a limit or a credit line for each bank in accordance with the credibility and risks inherent in each counterparty banks.
Credit line is used by the treasury to bertransksi money markets, but credit lines made by the Financial Institution with the work unit to get recommendations from the risk management unit in terms of measuring risk.
3. Foreign Exchange Transactions
In principle means of exchange forex transactions (selling or buying) a country's currency in the currency of other countries using a particular exchange rate.
While the forex market is an abstract place where it can be executed purchase and sale transactions of foreign exchange (forex) which resulted in transfer of ownership of the currency in the transaction. Forex OTC market is carried out continuously for 24 hours on each working day throughout the world.
In general, forex transactions aimed at:
a. Serve the demand of customer transactions.
b. Hedging (hedging) due to exchange rate movements.
c. Portfolio management to maximize the revenue of bank assets.
d. Buying and selling (trading) to get profits from foreign exchange rates.
In the forex transactions are largely inherent risks such as country risk, credit risk, liquidity risk, nili exchange, interest rate risk, settlement risk and operational risk.
The types of forex transactions are spot, cross rate, forward, and swap. Spot transaction is a sale and purchase transaction delivery of which is two working days after the date of the contract. This transaction is generally performed by the client to the bank. While the cross rate transactions is a transaction involving two foreign currencies at the same time in one transaction, and certainly with the rupiah as the basis for calculation. While the forward transaction is a transaction with the submission of more than 2 working days after the date of the contract. And the last is a swap transaction (swap sale or swap buy) which is a combination of transactions between the types of other transactions, or in other words, do different transactions with the same counterpart but with a different transaction penyelasaian date with the exchange rate determined at the time of the transaction.
4. Capital Market Transactions
Capital market transactions typically use bond (bond) as an instrument transaction. Bonds or debt instruments by the issuer divided into 4 types, namely government bonds, municipal bonds (not already in Indonesia), bonds Badau state-owned enterprises, and private corporate bonds.
Because the bonds are debt instruments, automatically will be very closely related to credit risk. In other words, the quality of bonds is determined by the party that issued the bonds. Therefore, dibelo bonds by banks should be at investment grade rating from a recognized institution by the regulator.
1. Asset and Liability Management
Asset & Liability Management (ALMA) is a process of planning, coordination and supervision of asset and liability in order to eliminate the risk, including liquidity risk, interest rate risk, foreign exchange and operational risks in supporting the achievement of bank profits. The scope of the role played by the ALMA is liquidity management, management of interest rates, foreign exchange management, and management of revenue and investment. All this ALMA role mampunyai strategic objectives, namely to maximize bank profits from fund management to the risk tolerance limits that are in the bank.
Risk that the background is the increasing need for ALMA fluctuations in interest rates, fluktiasi currency exchange rates, and monetary sectors, among others, globalization can be seen from the flows of foreign funds coming into a country (emerging market).
In general, ALMA aims to manage interest rate risk on bank balance sheets and ensure that the interest rate risk inherent in the bank's business activities do not interfere with and decrease the stability of bank earnings.
Liquidity Management
Liquidity management aims to ensure the ability of banks to meet short term obligations in rupiah and foreign currency.
manage liquidity management, in general, banks are exposed to in a problem, namely liquidity versus profitability. Where these two things are in a position contrary to rear. If banks are too much liquidity reserve fund in the bank's profitability will not be optimal, and vice versa.
Third party funds allocated to the liquidity reserve, would be a burden for banks, because of the fund, the bank must still pay interest to the owners of the funds (depositors). Likewise what if the banks are too aggressive to place third-party funds into productive assets and less attention to elements of liquidity, the bank must be prepared to suffer the consequences of risk due to the inability of banks to pay its short term obligations.
Bank liquidity can be a big impact risk for banks (major risk consequence) and even a liquidity crisis can lead to a rush on banks, if not handled properly. Liquidity management is a process to support the bank in order to optimize the use of funds (reducing idle fund) to meet regulatory reserve requirement Bank Indonesia, memeluhara daily liquidity to service withdrawals by depositors, and to maintain liquidity for the existing instruments in accordance with the needs of cash flow owned banks.
Interest Rate Management
Management of interest rates is intended to manage interest rate changes associated with the mismatch in the repricing structure of assets and liabilities held by banks, and ultimately the management of interest rates has the goal to optimize revenue for the bank while maintaining the level of risk at an acceptable level by management. Management interest rates may be one basis for pricing (pricing) of products both savings and loans banks.
One analysis that can be done to assess the condition of bank balance sheets as a basis for strategic decision making is by knowing the RSA (Rate Sensitive Asset) and RSL (Rate Sensitive Liability) on its balance sheet. The gap between these two aspects can be used by banks in mengahdapi projected increase or decrease in market interest rates.
RSA is the amount of assets that are sensitive to changes in market interest rates. While the RSL is the amount of liability that are sensitive to changes in market interest rates.
Position
Gap
Market Rate
Income
RSA> RSL
Positive
Up
Up
Down
Down
RSA
Negative
Up
Down
Down
Up
RSA = RSL
Zero
Up
Stagnant
Down
Stagnant
Foreign Exchange Management
The purpose of foreign exchange management is the process of foreign exchange management in both the asset and liability side unruk obtain optimal results and minimize the risk of losses on foreign exchange positions held it.
Risks associated with forex management is the loss due to changes in exchange rates, losses due to changes in interest rates, and losses due to credit risk.
The relationship between changes in currency exchange net open positions with the bank are:
Condition
Forex Long
Forex Short
The rupiah weakened against foreign currency
Fortunately
Loss
The rupiah strengthened against foreign currencies
Loss
Fortunately
While the relationship between changes in interest rates with banks net open positions are:
Condition
Forex Long
Forex Short
Interest rates fell rupiah currency or interest rate rise
Fortunately
Loss
Rupiah interest rate rise or fall of foreign exchange rate
Loss
Fortunately
Earning and Investment Management
ALMA role in earnings and investment management is very closely related to liquidity management as described in the previous section. So that is a function both have links to one another. The aim of earning & investment management is to maintain the liquidity needs, improve the NII and NIM, keeping the interest rate risk exposures, and determine the type of investment portfolio by considering the risks and revenues (optimization of portfolio assets).
2. Money Market Transactions
Money market is a place (abstract) in which the owner bana (lenders) and borrowers of funds (borrower) is related through the means of communication either directly or through an intermediary (broker) to perform transaction lending and borrowing of funds. Due to these transactions the borrower benefits or compensation funds received from the borrower of funds in the form of interest.
Transactions can be either money market lending and borrowing of funds directly or through short-term debt instruments of less than 1 (one) year.
Participants in this money market in general can be grouped into 4 (four) components, namely the central bank, commercial banks, non bank financial institutions, and companies or individual fund voters in large numbers. However, what is recorded in the transaction banking hanyalan money market central banks and commercial banks only.
In money markets, central banks have an interest in regulating the monetary conditions, while for commercial banks, money market used to meet the liquidity and profitability.
The role of brokers in the money market transactions are very useful, especially in influencing both the bid and offer prices so that prices of existing money market can be more controllable because the broker will be a market maker with the bid and offer to collect data from banks that need access to money markets.
Unlike the money market without a broker, the price will be determined by each bank. This is risky because it will hurt banks that are in need of money because it will get a relatively high price if known by other banks that have funds.
Risks contained in the money market include liquidity risk, interest rate risk, settlement risk, credit risk and sovereign risk. As a simple example but it often happens is, the bank is expected not to give or very cautious in giving loans to banks that are too easy to accept a high rate, or has a loan portfolio that exceeds reasonable limits.
To mitigate credit risk on money market transactions, the bank may apply a limit or a credit line for each bank in accordance with the credibility and risks inherent in each counterparty banks.
Credit line is used by the treasury to bertransksi money markets, but credit lines made by the Financial Institution with the work unit to get recommendations from the risk management unit in terms of measuring risk.
3. Foreign Exchange Transactions
In principle means of exchange forex transactions (selling or buying) a country's currency in the currency of other countries using a particular exchange rate.
While the forex market is an abstract place where it can be executed purchase and sale transactions of foreign exchange (forex) which resulted in transfer of ownership of the currency in the transaction. Forex OTC market is carried out continuously for 24 hours on each working day throughout the world.
In general, forex transactions aimed at:
a. Serve the demand of customer transactions.
b. Hedging (hedging) due to exchange rate movements.
c. Portfolio management to maximize the revenue of bank assets.
d. Buying and selling (trading) to get profits from foreign exchange rates.
In the forex transactions are largely inherent risks such as country risk, credit risk, liquidity risk, nili exchange, interest rate risk, settlement risk and operational risk.
The types of forex transactions are spot, cross rate, forward, and swap. Spot transaction is a sale and purchase transaction delivery of which is two working days after the date of the contract. This transaction is generally performed by the client to the bank. While the cross rate transactions is a transaction involving two foreign currencies at the same time in one transaction, and certainly with the rupiah as the basis for calculation. While the forward transaction is a transaction with the submission of more than 2 working days after the date of the contract. And the last is a swap transaction (swap sale or swap buy) which is a combination of transactions between the types of other transactions, or in other words, do different transactions with the same counterpart but with a different transaction penyelasaian date with the exchange rate determined at the time of the transaction.
4. Capital Market Transactions
Capital market transactions typically use bond (bond) as an instrument transaction. Bonds or debt instruments by the issuer divided into 4 types, namely government bonds, municipal bonds (not already in Indonesia), bonds Badau state-owned enterprises, and private corporate bonds.
Because the bonds are debt instruments, automatically will be very closely related to credit risk. In other words, the quality of bonds is determined by the party that issued the bonds. Therefore, dibelo bonds by banks should be at investment grade rating from a recognized institution by the regulator.
Credit Risk Management: IRBA
In making the application IRBA, banks must make arrangements in various aspects, especially the infrastructure, policies, and methodologies. One aspect of the most severe faced by banks in general are concerned with aspects of IT infrastructure availability and quality of data.
As we all know, that in risk management, data availability is a very critical element. Given that, should the bank can be proactive in developing inftastrukturnya to ensure the availability of data to conduct a comprehensive implementation of IRBA. The need for such data is historical data. Just as for the calculation of PD that requires minilmal 5 years and LGD data that requires a minimum of 7 years of data included therein is a writeoff and collateral data. This is not an easy task for banks. Infrastructure development should be done gradually by the bank.
Another aspect of methodological aspects, including the measurement of risk in the Risk Rating and Scoring, Risk-Based Pricing and the calculation of RAROC (Risk Adjusted Return On Capital). And aspects of risk management policies in order to establish a bank strategy, risk appetite, and so forth.
In the end, all efforts have been made by banks in implementing the IRBA is expected to lower the minimum obligations of banks in providing capital, or can be called with the incentive for banks. Surely the rest of the funds contained in the rest of the bank capital can be used to support business activities of other banks.
Asset Classification
In the IRBA, banks have to divide the bill (exposure) into some kind of bill, as stipulated in the Basel II document, both on-balance sheet and off-balance sheet, namely:
a. Sovereign
b. Public Sector Entity (defined by regulators)
c. Multilateral Development Bank (set by the regulator)
d. Bank
e. Securities Firm
f. Corporate
g. Retail
h. Retail exposures secured residential property
i. Exposures secured by commercial real estate
j. Exposure is past due
k. Exposure to a higher risk (determined by the regulator)
l. Eksposut / other assets
Internal Rating System
Overview of Internal Rating System:
a. Internal Rating System (IRS) to map the level of risk customers into a particular grade, in the sense that the credit risk assessment of quantitative and qualitative descriptive rating is expressed in a particular risk.
b. IRS as tools / systems to identify, measure, monitor, and control credit risk, both at individual and portfolio level.
c. IR is an important infrastructure in the development of Credit Risk Management (in accordance with the requirements of Basel II)
Development Program Internal Rating System:
a. Rating development, including model and methodology, rating scale, policies and procedures, review and validation.
b. Data Management & IT, including data collection, MIS, and the IRS application.
c. Communication and Socialization, include training, customization work culture, and komnunikasi to external parties.
d. Linkages with business processes, including changes in SOPs and testing.
Rating application that has been used must get validation at least for 1 year. The tests are used to the changes / improvements measurement model, adjusted for risk appetite owned bank.
As we all know, that in risk management, data availability is a very critical element. Given that, should the bank can be proactive in developing inftastrukturnya to ensure the availability of data to conduct a comprehensive implementation of IRBA. The need for such data is historical data. Just as for the calculation of PD that requires minilmal 5 years and LGD data that requires a minimum of 7 years of data included therein is a writeoff and collateral data. This is not an easy task for banks. Infrastructure development should be done gradually by the bank.
Another aspect of methodological aspects, including the measurement of risk in the Risk Rating and Scoring, Risk-Based Pricing and the calculation of RAROC (Risk Adjusted Return On Capital). And aspects of risk management policies in order to establish a bank strategy, risk appetite, and so forth.
In the end, all efforts have been made by banks in implementing the IRBA is expected to lower the minimum obligations of banks in providing capital, or can be called with the incentive for banks. Surely the rest of the funds contained in the rest of the bank capital can be used to support business activities of other banks.
Asset Classification
In the IRBA, banks have to divide the bill (exposure) into some kind of bill, as stipulated in the Basel II document, both on-balance sheet and off-balance sheet, namely:
a. Sovereign
b. Public Sector Entity (defined by regulators)
c. Multilateral Development Bank (set by the regulator)
d. Bank
e. Securities Firm
f. Corporate
g. Retail
h. Retail exposures secured residential property
i. Exposures secured by commercial real estate
j. Exposure is past due
k. Exposure to a higher risk (determined by the regulator)
l. Eksposut / other assets
Internal Rating System
Overview of Internal Rating System:
a. Internal Rating System (IRS) to map the level of risk customers into a particular grade, in the sense that the credit risk assessment of quantitative and qualitative descriptive rating is expressed in a particular risk.
b. IRS as tools / systems to identify, measure, monitor, and control credit risk, both at individual and portfolio level.
c. IR is an important infrastructure in the development of Credit Risk Management (in accordance with the requirements of Basel II)
Development Program Internal Rating System:
a. Rating development, including model and methodology, rating scale, policies and procedures, review and validation.
b. Data Management & IT, including data collection, MIS, and the IRS application.
c. Communication and Socialization, include training, customization work culture, and komnunikasi to external parties.
d. Linkages with business processes, including changes in SOPs and testing.
Rating application that has been used must get validation at least for 1 year. The tests are used to the changes / improvements measurement model, adjusted for risk appetite owned bank.
Tuesday, May 10, 2011
Manrisk Goes to Bali
Pagi hari ini, Sabtu 7 Mei 2011, kita bersiap-siap boarding di Husein Sastranegara Bandung untuk flight ke Ngurah Rai Bali. Persawat di jadwalkan take-off pukul 11.30 WIB. Di foto ini teman-teman dan istri saya.
Sambil menunggu naik ke pesawat saya iseng-iseng menjepret beberapa objek. Salah satunya adalah sebuah kesibukan pada pesawat yang baru saja landing.
Akhirnya kami diinstruksikan untuk segera naik pesawat... bali.. i'm coming...!!
Short Story of a Puppy
When a walk to enjoy his new house, met the puppy with a horse owned by the old man. The horse was said to the puppy. "My little dog .. You must be new here. But please know that this is the animal I most loved by our lord because I was so strong that many of our lord's help in running this ranch. While you're just a small animal that will not be able to assist in any work. "
With feelings of sadness, the puppy was back walking and met a cow owned by the old man. The cow said to the puppy, "Hey little dog .. please know that I'm the most respected animal on the farm this. I can produce milk that is very valuable for the continuity of this ranch. With our host of milk I was getting keutungan by selling it or making cheese. While you could not make milk like me. "After meeting with cow and horse, the dog went back to continue an increasingly lackluster pace, until he met with a group of chickens. Return the puppy to find the chicken say the same thing, they are very proud of the result of eggs that they can present to his master. And say to the puppy that you are not likely to provide valuable eggs like this to their masters.
So even with a cat, who said that he had managed to repel the rats on the farm...
With the steps that are increasingly feeling limp and slumped puppy back home to his master's house. He realized he was devastated because unlike other friends at the ranch was so great that can provide tremendous benefit for the old man.
The pup was again contemplating her ... How could he carry goods or pulling carts, as did the horse. He thought how could he produce milk as did the cows, how could he produce eggs as did the chickens, and how can he catch a mouse as the cat did. Loss of confidence in front of his friends…
The pup was again contemplating her ... How could he carry goods or pulling carts, as did the horse. He thought how could he produce milk as did the cows, how could he produce eggs as did the chickens, and how can he catch a mouse as the cat did. Loss of confidence in front of his friends…
…
In the afternoon when the old man's home, the puppy has welcomed the arrival of his master who maintain it. With the exhilaration, he jump into the lap of the old man. They drop their body above the green grass ... The puppy was heard the old man said, "It's a very tiring day, but when I came home to greet you like this, it's lost all letihku .. you are an animal that I liked most of all the animals in this farm. "
Seeing the happy face of his master, the little puppy aware, that to give something valuable he does not need to have power as strong as a horse, he does not need to produce such milk produced by cows, or even produce such eggs produced by chickens. All he needed was a little dog who brings happiness to the old man in the midst of exhaustion manage his ranch.
...
Have we ever experienced what is experienced by the pup? Not realizing, what role has really become our role in the environment. Doubt the potential that exists within us and consider the potential of other people much better than us. Feeling small in the midst of a great man ... And each of us has the functions and responsibilities of self inherent in each. Or even possible to feel what is felt by the horse, cow, or chicken? Feel yourself better than others. Boasting that the contribution that we give far greater and more important than others. Feeling great in the middle of the little guy ...
Is not the difference was created to complement each other ... not to be compared with each other ...
In the afternoon when the old man's home, the puppy has welcomed the arrival of his master who maintain it. With the exhilaration, he jump into the lap of the old man. They drop their body above the green grass ... The puppy was heard the old man said, "It's a very tiring day, but when I came home to greet you like this, it's lost all letihku .. you are an animal that I liked most of all the animals in this farm. "
Seeing the happy face of his master, the little puppy aware, that to give something valuable he does not need to have power as strong as a horse, he does not need to produce such milk produced by cows, or even produce such eggs produced by chickens. All he needed was a little dog who brings happiness to the old man in the midst of exhaustion manage his ranch.
...
Have we ever experienced what is experienced by the pup? Not realizing, what role has really become our role in the environment. Doubt the potential that exists within us and consider the potential of other people much better than us. Feeling small in the midst of a great man ... And each of us has the functions and responsibilities of self inherent in each. Or even possible to feel what is felt by the horse, cow, or chicken? Feel yourself better than others. Boasting that the contribution that we give far greater and more important than others. Feeling great in the middle of the little guy ...
Is not the difference was created to complement each other ... not to be compared with each other ...
Posted in: HumanityVisitors are coming from
